python集合

python集合，Python 还包含了一个数据类型 set (集合)。集合是一个无序不重复元素的集。基本功能包括关系测试和消除重复元素。集合对象还支持 union(联合)，intersection(交)，difference(差)和 sysmmetric difference(对称差集)等数学运算。

大括号或 set() 函数可以用来创建集合。注意：想要创建空集合，你必须使用 set() 而不是 {}。后者用于创建空字典，我们在下一节中介绍的一种数据结构。

以下是一个简单的演示:

>>> basket = ['apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana']
>>> fruit = set(basket)               # create a set without duplicates
>>> fruit
set(['orange', 'pear', 'apple', 'banana'])
>>> 'orange' in fruit                 # fast membership testing
True
>>> 'crabgrass' in fruit
False

>>> # Demonstrate set operations on unique letters from two words
...
>>> a = set('abracadabra')
>>> b = set('alacazam')
>>> a                                  # unique letters in a
set(['a', 'r', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
>>> a - b                              # letters in a but not in b
set(['r', 'd', 'b'])
>>> a | b                              # letters in either a or b
set(['a', 'c', 'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'])
>>> a & b                              # letters in both a and b
set(['a', 'c'])
>>> a ^ b                              # letters in a or b but not both
set(['r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'])

类似 列表推导式，这里有一种集合推导式语法:

>>> a = {x for x in 'abracadabra' if x not in 'abc'}
>>> a
{'r', 'd'}